NFU QUESTIONS ON
THE POSSIBLE USE OF VACCINATION

Epidemiological Questions

1.	Why is vaccination being mooted now?

There are two factors. One is the imminence of cattle turn out and the concern that in areas with dense sheep populations in which there may be undisclosed infection this could lead to a surge in new cases in cattle. The suggestion from farming leaders that farmers might keep cattle housed for longer than normal is welcome and has already been reflected in advice to farmers. But it only offers cattle partial protection. Many of the recent new cases in Cumbria have been in housed cattle (linked to movements of people and equipment). The second factor is recent advice from the Government's Chief Scientific Adviser which suggests that although current policies are containing the epidemic, in northern Cumbria this would only be achieved at the cost of losing a high proportion of the livestock. Vaccination of cattle and allowing them to complete their normal working lives also subsequently reduces pressures on disposal (particularly of older cattle) and minimises the risk of further spread of disease from slaughtered animals.

1.	What factors make vaccination a possibility in Cumbria but not elsewhere?

Vaccination is not ruled out in areas other than Cumbria. What makes northern Cumbria a prime case is the high level of infection which was disseminated into the sheep population following the sales out of Longtown Market in mid-February. The objective of vaccinating cattle in northern Cumbria would essentially be to ensure that this area comes out of the epidemic with significant numbers of cattle still alive. Protecting the cattle by vaccination would also allow more time to address the problem in the sheep population by a mixture of culling and serological testing, which will be a lengthy process.

1.	How does the situation now differ from when previous advice was issued (as late as 3 April by the Chief Scientist's Group) or when the epidemiologists visited the regional control centres last week?

See answer to question 1.

4. What is the present estimate of the progress of FMD on the basis of current control programme?

The current outbreak of FMD in the UK is a heterogeneous group of epidemics. 

Overall the number of cases and the dissemination rate (as at 11 April) are declining, although this hides increases or plateaus in some areas. The Estimated Dissemination Rate for the epidemic as a whole is 0.8 in the most recent full week. The epidemic is continuing in Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire and the Lake District. The numbers of cases may be increasing in the Severn Valley. Case numbers in Devon have levelled off but this may take no account of hidden disease in sheep. The epidemic apears to be decreasing in Powys, Northumberland and Cumbria. The epidemic is controlled in Essex & Kent and Anglesey & Gwynedd. Cases continue to occur outside the defined geographic clusters, but the majority have a clear link to existing cases.

5	How does achieving 24/48 hr affect the prognosis?

In Cumbria the epidemiological models suggest that fully achieving the 24/48 hour target would contain the epidemic more quickly (but this would pre-suppose 100% farmer co-operation with culling contiguous premises), but even then only at the cost of losing 70% of the region's livestock. 

6. What difference does movement of cattle out of housing at the end of this month make?

See answer to question 1. The scientific advice is that keeping cattle housed reduces their risk of exposure to infection, compared to a situation where they would be in contact with sheep, but is not of itself any guarantee against infection, as has been demonstrated by the recent new cases in housed cattle.

7. Can keeping cattle housed provide an alternative to vaccination? 

See answers to questions 1 and 6. It is apparent that some cattle are already being turned out.

8. What is the reduction in numbers of cattle, sheep and pigs expected to be slaughtered if we start to vaccinate?

The epidemiologists' projections suggest that on current policies, without vaccination, between 70% and 99% of livestock in northern Cumbria could be lost. With vaccination, the aim would be to protect all the cattle which remain at the point when vaccination would start (currently about 230,000-240,000 cattle). Vaccinating cattle should also contribute indirectly to keeping more sheep alive, as with the cattle protected there would be less of a risk in letting sheep live and gradually serologically testing them over time. The risk of infecting pigs would also be lower.

9. Will vaccination prolong the course of FMD?

This outbreak is likely to have a long 'tail' because of the extent of infection in the sheep population, which may continue to circulate unrecognised. This means that we can expect isolated individual new cases to keep occurring from time to time for many months after the bulk of the epidemic has been stamped out. This is likely to be the case regardless of whether we vaccinate or not. There is no reason why vaccination of cattle of itself should prolong the epidemic as the scientific evidence is that the chances of vaccinated carrier animals infecting other non-vaccinated livestock are low. (This assumes that vaccination is only carried out once and not renewed.)

The Science of Vaccination

10. Are the current vaccines good enough to control the disease?

Yes, but see answers to questions 14 and 19. 

11. Can FMD mutate in response to the vaccine?

There is no evidence that it can.

12. Serological test - vaccine and anti bodies v disease? 

We would not plan to serologically test vaccinated cattle (which will all be individually identified). We might, however, need to serologically test the progeny of vaccinated animals. Vaccination of breeding animals will result in the presence of maternal antibodies in their young. These antibodies provide effective initial protection but they decrease during the first few months of life at a rate which depends on the immunity of the dam and are likely to be lost by 3-4 months of age.

13. How do we prove that FMD is eliminated 
from a vaccinated area?

By serologically testing non-vaccinated stock in the vaccination area.

14. What spread from vaccinated animals?

Once vaccinated animals are fully protected they should not develop disease.
However, the virus can replicate even in animals immune against the
development of clinical disease if they are exposed to infection. A
proportion of such animals can become persistently infected while never
developing clinical disease. These are so-called "carriers". The expert
scientific advice is that spread from vaccinated carrier animals is a rare
event since the amount of virus carried is many orders of magnitude less
than that excreted by animals during the acute phase of disease or during
sub-clinical infection. Excretion from carriers is intermittent and at a
diminishing level over time, occasionally up to three years.

15. What Break between vaccinated and cattle/sheep?

There is no need for a physical barrier. There would be enhanced veterinary
surveillance in the area around the vaccination zone. Vaccination would
enable the situation when sheep subsequently come into contact with cattle,
eg at shearing or tupping, to be properly managed.

16. What risk of spread from infected sheep to vaccinated cattle (cows)?

There is such a risk for an initial period of 3-5 days following use of high
potency vaccine while immunity takes effect (10-12 days for lower potency
vaccines) and MAFF would therefore recommend keeping cattle housed for a
week after vaccination. Thereafter there should be no danger of vaccinated
animals becoming infected for at least 6 months. The vaccine will continue
to give some protection for up to 12 months, but not necessarily enough to
protect against a high level of exposure to infection towards the end of
that period. If it was thought necessary to maintain immunity for longer
than 6 months a booster dose might be required.

17. How reliable are the later serological tests in distinguishing
vaccinated and exposed stock?

It is not our intention at this time to serologically test vaccinated
cattle, but these are tests that could be used.

18. What is the vaccine effectiveness/disease risk
when animal are stressed eg at weaning?

See answer to question 16. Stress should not normally inactivate the
vaccine.

19. What proportion of cattle will the vaccine fail to protect?

No vaccine is 100% effective. It is possible that in a small number of cases
there will be a failure of the vaccination to protect vaccinated cattle, not
because the vaccine itself is ineffective, but either because of inadequate
administration of the vaccine or because a small number of animals are
likely to respond atypically and develop only a low level of immunity.

Practical Issues arising from Vaccination

20. Which areas are to be vaccinated?

If a decision is made to go ahead the current contingency plan for northern
Cumbria covers the 132 parishes which contain the 3 km zone around infected
premises in the heavily infected area.

21. Which animals are to be vaccinated?

All cattle over 7 days old.

22. Will hefted sheep be exempted from a cull or vaccination?

There is no intention to vaccinate any sheep. Unless they become infected,
the presumption is that hefted sheep would not be culled but would be left
on the fells. At a later stage when they would normally be brought down for
management purposes such as shearing or tupping, breeding ewes could be
serologically tested before being returned to the fells.

23. Does MAFF have sufficient resources
to operate a vaccination programme 
without detracting from the 24hr. kill?

Yes. Planning and operating the vaccination campaign has been contracted out
to ADAS. ADAS has recruited and trained people with experience of handling
stock locally in Cumbria to form vaccination teams, assisted by members of
the army. Veterinary supervision will be provided by 50 TVI's, some of whom
will have to be temporarily taken off other duties, but lower priority
duties, not the 24 hour cull.

24. Would vaccination release resources which can be used to improve the welfare disposal and movement schemes?

Vaccination of cattle will release resources currently going into culling
and disposing of cattle. This should help speed up the culling and disposal
of sheep. It may make a contribution in relation to the welfare disposal
scheme, but this is unlikely to be significant. The effort on this scheme is
in any case being intensified so that it should be moving faster during the
course of the coming week anyway.

25. How will farmers be informed when their cattle will be vaccinated and about what they are required to do (eg collect cattle together, have passports to hand etc)? What notice period for a visit will the farmer receive?

When an announcement is made there will be a mail shot and an initial phone
contact to explain the policy and the reasons for it and to explain what
further contact the farmer can expect. Once the campaign begins each farmer
will be contacted by phone by ADAS to arrange appointments for first the vet
and then the vaccination team to visit. The ADAS phone call could be
anything from 3-13 days after the initial contact. As well as making the
appointments the ADAS phone call will seek the farmer's co-operation in
planning the vaccination, including asking him to have the cattle gathered
in one place (if they are not housed) and having passports available.
Normally ADAS will seek to arrange for the vet to visit the following day
and the vaccination team the day after, but they will take account of
individual farmers' wishes as far as possible.

26. What if a farmer resists vaccination?

The statutory instrument will provide for powers of entry, but MAFF and ADAS will be looking to achieve the maximum degree of farmer co-operation by full information and careful explanation rather than proceeding by force.

27. Over what period of time is the vaccination programme in Cumbria and/or Devon expected to be completed?

It is anticipated that vaccination in each area would take 10-14 days.

28. What are the precise vaccination plans, including the use of further boosters?

In Cumbria and Devon, if vaccination goes ahead in either or both, the plan
would be to use high potency vaccine from the International Vaccine Bank at
Pirbright. A single dose would achieve immunity for 6 months so no booster
injection would be required during that period.

29. Are all cattle vaccinated? Why has advice changed about vaccinating pregnant cows? Do new-born cattle have to be vaccinated - if so what is the exist programme?

All cattle over 7 days old. There is no contra-indication of the vaccine for
pregnant cows. Calves under 7 days old will not be vaccinated and so will be
in the same position as progeny born after the vaccination campaign.

30. How is the 10km surveillance zone managed, both in England and Scotland?

The surveillance zone is an area which is closely monitored for signs of
infection (given that infection could be present in the vaccination zone but
not apparent because the majority of cattle will be immune). This
surveillance is normally achieved through a combination of controls on the
movements of susceptible livestock and enhanced veterinary surveillance.
These measures are already in place throughout Great Britrain as part of the
GB Control Area introduced on 23 February. Once the current Infected Areas
and GB Control Area have been revoked we will need to consider with the
European Commission what additional surveillance measures may be required in the 10 km around the vaccination zone.

31. What role is NFU nationally or on the ground asked to play during this exercise?

We would be looking to the NFU for help both nationally and locally in
explaining to farmers the reasons for resorting to vaccination and in
seeking individual farmers' full co-operation with the programme.

32. Does there need to be a physical break between vaccinated cattle and sheep?

See answer to question 15.

Post Vaccination Farm Management

33. How will farmers in vaccinated areas run their businesses including sales of meat and milk, sales of calves and rearing stock, sales of breeding animals and purchase of herd replacements?

Sales of milk from vaccinated animals will be subject only to the
requirement that it must be pasteurised (NB: this requirement applies
equally to milk to be used for feeding to farm animals, not just to milk for
the human food chain). In the first 30 days following vaccination, treatment
has to be carried out in an establishment within the vaccination zone or, in
exceptional circumstances to be authorised on a case by case basis by the
competent authorities, outside the zone. After the first 30 days there is no
restriction on where treatment may be carried out. During the first 30 days
following vaccination movement of vaccinated animals to slaughter will have
to be licensed and meat will have to be cross-stamped and heat-treated.
After 30 days, movement of vaccinated animals to slaughter will still have
to be licensed but meat will be subject to the same round GB stamp as other
meat and will have to be deboned or matured for 24 hours.
Vaccinated animals cannot be moved outside the vaccination zone for 12
months following vaccination or following the last confirmed outbreak in the
zone, whichever is later, except direct to a slaughterhouse for immediate
slaughter. But progeny of vaccinated animals will be able to move freely out
of the zone, subject to being clear on serological testing, from 3 months
after completion of vaccination. Purchase of herd replacements will be
permitted when it is considered that the risk of infection has ceased.

34. What arrangements will be in place for the marketing of milk and meat during the 30 day restricted period?

See answer to question 33. It is recognised that the requirement for milk to
be pasteurised within the vaccination zone in the first 30 days would
present practical problems. Our starting point is the presumption that
unavailability of sufficient processing capacity within the vaccination zone
should constitute an exceptional circumstance.

35. After vaccination, are farmers free to turn cattle out of winter housing?

It is recommended that cattle are kept indoors for about a week after
vaccination to ensure full immunity, after which they are free to turn them
out.

36. After vaccination, when can farmers safely restock with other cattle/sheep/pigs?

Vaccination in itself does not prevent re-stocking. This will depend upon
other restrictions in force at the time (ie removing of Infected Areas and
the veterinary judgement taken about when it is safe to re-stock).

37. Does vaccination have any implications for the feeding and management of treated animals? Are there any husbandry or behavioural characteristics farmers should expect to which they need to respond?

There are no implications other than the advice to keep cattle housed for a
week after vaccination while full immunty is achieved.

38. What role is NFU nationally or on the ground asked to play during this exercise?

See answer to question 31.

39. What can Cumbrian farmers do after vaccination, especially previously slaughtered farms? Can reintroduced stock be kept next to vaccinated stock?

See answers to questions 35 and 36.

40. How are vaccinated carriers to be detected and managed?

All vaccinated animals will have their ear tag numbers recorded and their
cattle passports stamped. Those without such tags will be tagged at the time
of vaccination with a vaccination tag and the cattle passport would
subsequently need to be endorsed with the vaccination tag number. See also
answer to question 14.

41. Does stress make any such animals more likely to shed virus?

As with other infections, this is possible in a small number of cases.
Market Implications

42. Will processors and retailers buy product from vaccinated animal now, and in the future?

High level discussions are under way with the processing and retail trades
to obtain reassurance on this.

43. If products aren't marketable, will Government act as the purchaser of last resort?

We are aiming to ensure that products will be marketable. For meat the
decision on the new round GB stamp will help. For milk, there is no sign of
retailer or consumer resistance to pasteurised milk from infected areas.
There is no provision under EU law for national Governments to act as a
purchaser of last resort of agricultural produce beyond the existing market
support provisions under certain CAP market organisations.

44. Some farms will have breeding stock as an output, will their losses be compensated as vaccinated animals cannot leave the zone?

At the moment we have no basis for compensating for the inability of this
category of animal to be moved out of the vaccination zone, but we recognise
that this is a legitimate concern which will need to be addressed on its
merits.

45. Will the Government compensate Cumbrian farmers if they receive lower prices because of reduced demand or have no market?

We will aim to ensure that there is a market for their produce. The
Government will not compensate for lower market prices beyond the market
support mechanisms already in place under the relevant CAP regimes.
European and World Trade implications

46. What assurances does HMG have over the re-opening of the UK export market to EU and to third countries?

The Government has no assurances and there can be no certainty in this area.
There are OIE recommendations (see answer to question 47) but these do not
have legal force. Given the scale of the outbreak we have suffered and the
fact that it has been predominantly in the sheep population, we can expect
that other countries (EU and other) will want to be satisfied that the
disease in sheep has been fully stamped out. This is likely to involve
serological testing of sheep on a large scale. This will be the position
whether we vaccinate or not.
The Commission decision lays down the rules for marketing meat and milk and their products (see answer to question 33). Vaccinated live animals will not be eligible for intra-Community trade (but live cattle cannot currently be
exported in any case because of BSE-related restrictions).

47. What are the mechanics of re-establishing exports? 
Will the UK be zoned?

It is possible to seek agreement for zoning from the EU and OIE
(internationally). The latter may take longer for recognition. FMD-free
status for a vaccinating zone where vaccinated animals are not slaughtered
will not be recognised for at least 12 months after the end of vaccination
and 12 months after the last confirmed case in the zone. These are minimum
periods, and given the level of infection we have experienced in the sheep
population we can expect other countries to be risk-averse in their attitude
to accepting re-establishment of FMD-free status.
Products which can be exported at present provided they meet the
requirements of the Commission decision will continue to be eligible,
including products from the vaccination zone.

48. What are the implications for internal trade of animals, meat and milk within the UK?

Vaccinated animals will not be eligible to leave the zone other than for
slaughter. Their progeny will be eligible subject to a negative blood test.
See answer to question 33. Other species will be eligible to leave the zone
when the disease risk is considered to be acceptable (ie when the Infected
Area is removed).

49. Why will EU not take a different view against vaccinated countries in month's time?

EU Member States' are likely to be guided in their attitude to vaccinated
coutries by the OIE recommendations (but see answers to questions 9, 46 and
47).

50. Will normal trading rules and relationships take longer to achieve if we have used vaccination, even in a restricted area than if we proceed with slaughter alone?

This is difficult to predict given that we cannot accurately estimate when
the last case will occur with or without vaccination (but see answers to
questions 9, 46 and 47).

Other Areas

51. How will the restriction of vaccination to Cumbria be justified to farmers elsewhere, especially those involved in a contiguous cull?

If the Government decides to go ahead with vaccination it will make clear
the criteria for any vaccination campaign. These would be likely to include
the level of infection in the sheep population and projections for the
survival of the cattle population on current policies in particular areas,
as well as a logistical criterion (disposal problems and resource
implications in areas where on current policies significant numbers of
cattle look likely to be condemned).

Decisions

52. How will the Government consult, arrive at a decision and publicise that decision and the reasons for it?

The Government has been consulting informally with those most affected in
recent days. Answering these question is part of that process. Ministers
have also visitied Cumbria and Devon to assess the state of local opinion.
Once the Government has announced a decision there will be an intensive
information campaign to explain the policy and the reasons for it, and to
seek the cooperation of affected farmers in particular.

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